Here are the top 23 Maria Stuart profiles on LinkedIn. Get all the articles, experts, jobs, and insights you need. Maria Stuart has 3,335 ratings and 63 reviews. Vishy said: Schiller version of the story of Mary, Queen of Scots. Beautiful and heartbreaking. Muusika: Meelis Tisler, Liana Kolodinskaja, Hanna-Roosi Karro, Margus Sekk, T Exclusive Hats & Accessories Maria Stuart. Friedrich Schiller, Maria Stuart by Schiller, F. Mary, Queen of Scots - Wikipedia. Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1. Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1. Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 1. August 1. 56. 1. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1. 56. Darnley was found murdered in the garden. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1. Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. On 2. 4 July 1. 56. James VI, her one- year- old son by Darnley. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary had previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, and was subsequently beheaded. Childhood and early reign. She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him. On 1. 4 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scots when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss. The crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. This legendary statement came true much later. From the outset, there were two claims to the Regency: one from Catholic. Cardinal Beaton, and the other from the Protestant. Earl of Arran, who was next in line to the throne. Beaton's claim was based on a version of the late king's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery. On 1 July 1. 54. 3, when Mary was six months old, the Treaty of Greenwich was signed, which promised that at the age of ten Mary would marry Edward and move to England, where Henry could oversee her upbringing. Regent Arran resisted the move, but backed down when Beaton's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow. The arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic. English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory. Mary's guardians, fearful for her safety, sent her to Inchmahome Priory for no more than three weeks, and turned to the French for help. On the promise of French military help, and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage. In June, the much awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington. On 7 July 1. 54. 8, a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to a French marriage treaty. The French fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon, sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1. Roscoff or Saint- Pol- de- L. She was considered a pretty child and later, as a woman, strikingly attractive. Henry commented that . Under the Third Succession Act, passed in 1. Parliament of England, Elizabeth was recognised as her sister's heir, and Henry VIII's last will and testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne. Yet, in the eyes of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate, and Mary Stuart, as the senior descendant of Henry VIII's elder sister, was the rightful queen of England. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1. France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland and France recognised Elizabeth's right to rule England. However, the seventeen- year- old Mary, still in France and grieving for her mother, refused to ratify the treaty. Mary was grief- stricken. Only four of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, and Huntly, who was Lord Chancellor. Even the one significant later addition to the council, in December 1. Lord Ruthven, was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked. She joined with Lord Moray in the destruction of Scotland's leading Catholic magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1. Highlands against her. Elizabeth refused to name a potential heir, fearing that to do so would invite conspiracy to displace her with the nominated successor. However, when her uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine, began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent, she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered. Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland. He ignored the edict, and two days later he forced his way into her chamber as she was about to disrobe. She reacted with fury and fear, and when Moray rushed into the room, in reaction to her cries for help, she shouted, . Chastelard was tried for treason, and beheaded. Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess of Lennox, who were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners, had sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary. Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland. They next met on Saturday 1. February 1. 56. 5 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland. The English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated . Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly's son, and the return of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, from exile in France. Not content with his position as king consort, he demanded the Crown Matrimonial, which would have made him a co- sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself if he outlived his wife. He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary, David Rizzio, who was rumoured to be the father of her child. She was thought to be near death or dying. Her recovery from 2. October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians. He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the former abbey of Kirk o' Field, just within the city wall. Men say that, instead of seizing the murderers, you are looking through your fingers while they escape; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure, as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought. In the absence of Lennox, and with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven- hour trial on 1. April. On her way back to Edinburgh on 2. April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he may have raped her. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful, since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband. Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill on 1. June, but there was no battle as Mary's forces dwindled away through desertion during negotiations. He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane and died in 1. It is impossible now to prove either way. The originals, written in French, were probably destroyed in 1. Mary's son. There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English, Scots, French, and Latin from the 1. Moray had sent a messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy of the proceedings from the town's registers. The letters were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters, and their destruction in 1. Mary. Among them was the Duke of Norfolk. In the end, Moray returned to Scotland as its regent, and Mary remained in custody in England. Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign. Moray's death coincided with a rebellion in the North of England, led by Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat. English troops intervened in the Scottish civil war, consolidating the power of the anti- Marian forces. Norfolk was executed, and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent. Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1. Low Countries and half- brother of Philip II of Spain, Don John of Austria, who was supposed to organise the invasion of England from the Spanish Netherlands. Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent, and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son James formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England. It was reached by two or three steps and furnished with the block, a cushion for her to kneel on and three stools, for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were there to witness the execution. Her last words were, . The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head. The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through using the axe. Afterward, he held her head aloft and declared, . Following the beheading, it refused to be parted from its owner's body and was covered in her blood, until it was forcibly taken away and washed. He was released 1. Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2016
Categories |